What distinguishes a mathematical model from a physical model?

The distinguishing feature of a mathematical model is that it uses symbols, equations, and logical expressions to represent systems and processes rather than relying on tangible objects as seen in physical models. Mathematical models can effectively capture relationships and dynamics through variables and parameters, allowing for analysis and simulation of scenarios without the need for physical representations. This abstraction is particularly useful in disciplines like physics, economics, and engineering, where complex systems can be modeled mathematically to study behavior and outcomes.

The other options, while related to the context of mathematical modeling, do not accurately reflect the fundamental difference between mathematical and physical models. For example, complexity can vary between both types of models, and mathematical models can encompass qualitative and conceptual representations beyond just numeric data. Additionally, while computational tools may aid in analyzing mathematical models, they are not a defining characteristic of what separates them from physical models.